Austria-Hungary / Early concepts
Burstyn Motorgeschütz
Tank · Tank precursor / concept
The Burstyn Motorgeschütz was an Austro-Hungarian proposal for an armored, tracked, gun-armed cross-country vehicle.
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Tank Profiles
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Australia / United Kingdom submission / Early concepts
de Mole Armoured Vehicle
Tank · Tank precursor / concept
Lancelot de Mole's armoured-vehicle proposal was an Australian contribution to the early search for cross-country tracked transport.
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France / World War I
Boirault Machine
Tank · Tank precursor / concept
The Boirault machines were French experiments in crossing the obstacles of the First World War battlefield.
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France / World War I
Frot-Laffly armoured roller
Tank · Tank precursor / concept
The Frot-Laffly armoured roller was a French attempt to adapt a civilian rolling machine for the battlefield. Accounts describe a single armored prototype intended to pass through obstacles and support infantry, rather than a tracked tank that entered production.
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Russian Empire / World War I
Tsar Tank / Lebedenko / Netopyr
Tank · Tank precursor / concept
The Tsar Tank, also known as the Lebedenko or Netopyr project, was a Russian Empire experiment in crossing battlefield obstacles with very large wheels. Its familiar outline combines two huge forward wheels with a much smaller rear support. It was not a tracked vehicle.
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Russian Empire / World War I
Vezdekhod
Tank · Tank precursor / concept
Vezdekhod was Alexander A. Porokhovshchikov’s attempt to develop a motor vehicle capable of moving beyond the roads available to ordinary wheeled transport.
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France / World War I
Aubriot-Gabet Cuirassé / Fortress
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Aubriot-Gabet Cuirassé was an experimental French effort to move protected firepower using electrical power supplied from outside the vehicle.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Little Willie / No.1 Lincoln Machine
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
Little Willie was a completed British experimental tracked vehicle built during the 1915 effort to turn the landship idea into a workable machine.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Mother / Big Willie / HMLS Centipede
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
Mother was the British rhomboid prototype that connected the early Lincoln experiments with the production Mark I. The names Big Willie and HMLS Centipede also occur in the available evidence. The names are aliases of the same prototype rather than separate vehicles.
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France / World War I
Saint-Chamond
Tank · Tank / family
The Saint-Chamond was a French production tank built around a long hull, a forward-firing 75 mm gun, machine guns, and petrol-electric transmission.
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France / World War I
Schneider CA1
Tank · Tank / family
The Schneider CA1 was an early French assault tank intended to carry protected firepower through wire and across defended ground in support of infantry.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Tank, Mark I
Tank · Heavy tank
The Mark I followed the experimental work associated with Little Willie and Mother.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Medium Mark A Whippet
Tank · Medium tank
The Medium Mark A Whippet was a British machine-gun-armed tank developed to complement the slower heavy tanks.
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France / World War I
Renault FT
Tank · Light tank
The Renault FT was a French light tank with a two-man crew, an engine compartment at the rear, and a fully rotating one-man turret.
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Germany / World War I
Sturmpanzerwagen A7V
Tank · Heavy tank
The Sturmpanzerwagen A7V was Germany’s domestically developed tank to enter combat during the First World War.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Tank, Mark II
Tank · Tank / family
The Tank, Mark II was a British heavy rhomboid vehicle derived from the Mark I and built primarily for training.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Tank, Mark III
Tank · Heavy tank
The Tank, Mark III was a small British heavy-tank training family associated with the transition to the Mark IV.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Mark IV
Tank · Heavy tank
The Tank, Mark IV was the principal British heavy-tank production development of 1917.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Tank, Mark VI
Tank · Heavy tank
The Tank, Mark VI was a proposed British heavy tank represented by a wooden mock-up. It did not enter production or operational service. The full-size model illustrates a proposed layout, not a completed armored vehicle that underwent powered trials.
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France / World War I
Char 2C / FCM 2C
Tank · Heavy tank
The Char 2C was a French heavy tank conceived during the First World War but completed as a small postwar fleet.
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France / World War I
FCM 1A
Tank · Heavy tank
The FCM 1A was a French heavy-tank prototype developed by Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée during the First World War.
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Italy / World War I
Fiat 2000
Tank · Heavy tank
The Fiat 2000 was an Italian heavy-tank project that produced two large experimental vehicles rather than a wartime operational fleet.
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United States / World War I
Ford 3-ton M1918
Tank · Tank / family
The Ford 3-ton M1918 was an American attempt to produce a very small tracked military vehicle using familiar automotive components and large-scale manufacturing methods.
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Germany / World War I
Großkampfwagen / K-Wagen
Tank · Heavy tank
The Großkampfwagen, usually shortened to K-Wagen, was a German attempt to create a very large armored breakthrough vehicle during the First World War.
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United States / World War I
Holt Gas-Electric Tank
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Holt Gas-Electric Tank was an American experimental armored vehicle developed through cooperation between Holt and General Electric.
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United States / World War I
M1917 6-ton light tank
Tank · Light tank
The M1917 was the American-built adaptation of the French Renault FT and the foundation of the United States' first mass-production tank program.
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United Kingdom / United States / World War I
Mark VIII International / Liberty
Tank · Heavy tank
The Mark VIII, also called the International or Liberty tank, was conceived as a joint Anglo-American heavy tank for a continuing war in Europe.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Medium Mark B
Tank · Medium tank
The Medium Mark B was a British attempt to combine the obstacle-crossing characteristics of the heavy rhomboidal tanks with a smaller machine-gun vehicle intended for a different battlefield role.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Tank, Mark V
Tank · Heavy tank
The Tank, Mark V was a major 1918 development of the British heavy tank. It retained the rhomboidal tracks and side-sponson weapons of its predecessors, but its Ricardo engine and Wilson epicyclic steering represented a more consequential change than the familiar…
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United Kingdom / World War I
Tank, Mark VII
Tank · Heavy tank
The Tank, Mark VII was a British attempt to apply hydraulic transmission to a heavy tank during the First World War.
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Germany / World War I
Leichter Kampfwagen LK I / LK II
Tank · Light tank
The Leichter Kampfwagen program explored a smaller German tank than the A7V during the final part of the First World War.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Medium Mark C Hornet
Tank · Medium tank
The Medium Mark C, usually called Hornet, was a British medium tank developed toward the end of the First World War.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Medium Mark D
Tank · Medium tank
The Medium Mark D was an experimental British attempt to combine sustained speed, trench-crossing ability, and protected firepower.
Read the profileFrance / World War I
Peugeot / Oemichen Char 1918
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Peugeot / Oemichen Char 1918 was a French late-war prototype associated with Peugeot and the engineer Étienne Oehmichen.
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United States / World War I
Skeleton Tank / Spider Tank
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Skeleton Tank, also called the Spider Tank, was an American experimental vehicle built in 1918 by the firm identified in the cited sources as the Pioneer Tractor Company of Winona, Minnesota.
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United States / World War I
Steam Tank (Tracked) / War Tank America
Tank · Heavy tank
War Tank America was an American First World War heavy-tank experiment using steam propulsion within a British-inspired rhomboidal outline.
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Germany / World War I
Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien was a late-1918 German assault-tank project intended to move beyond the large crew and heavy arrangement of the A7V.
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United Kingdom / World War I
Tank, Mark V* / Mark V**
Tank · Heavy tank
The Mark V* and Mark V** were attempts to extend the usefulness of the British rhomboid heavy tank against wider trenches.
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Italy / Interwar
Fiat 3000
Tank · Light tank
The Fiat 3000 translated the Renault FT’s compact, turreted light-tank concept into an Italian vehicle with different automotive arrangements and running gear.
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Sweden / Interwar
Strv m/21
Tank · Light tank
Sweden’s Strv m/21 fleet developed from German LK II material acquired after the First World War.
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France / Interwar
Renault NC / NC27 / NC31
Tank · Light tank
The Renault NC program sought to improve the Renault FT concept through new running gear, better mobility and changes in protection and automotive equipment.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Vickers Medium Mark I
Tank · Medium tank
The Vickers Medium Mark I represented a move away from the long rhomboid heavy tanks associated with the First World War.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
A1E1 Independent
Tank · Heavy tank
The A1E1 Independent was a single Vickers-built British heavy-tank prototype intended to combine a central gun with all-round machine-gun defense.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Vickers Medium Mark II
Tank · Medium tank
The Vickers Medium Mark II was a development of the earlier Mark I and became an important vehicle in British interwar mechanization.
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Germany / Interwar
Grosstraktor
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
Grosstraktor was a concealment name for a German experimental tank program, not an agricultural vehicle intended for ordinary farm work.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Vickers Medium Mark C
Tank · Medium tank
The Vickers Medium Mark C was a private export-oriented prototype of the 1920s. It is distinct from the First World War Medium Mark C Hornet: the similar name does not make them one family or a continuous production series.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Vickers Medium Mark III
Tank · Medium tank
The Vickers Medium Mark III developed from the A6 effort to replace Britain's existing interwar mediums with a more capable tank.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Carden-Loyd Mk VI Tankette
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The Carden-Loyd Mk VI was a compact British tracked machine-gun carrier whose importance extended beyond the number built for Britain.
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United States / Interwar
Light Tank T1 series
Tank · Light tank
The Light Tank T1 series was an American effort to replace the First World War light-tank arrangement with a more capable domestic vehicle.
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Japan / Interwar
Type 87 Chi-I
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The vehicle commonly called Type 87 Chi-I is treated in the cited sources as Japan's Experimental Tank No. 1: a domestic prototype completed in 1927 rather than an operational tank type.
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United States / Interwar
Christie M1928 / M1931 / T1/T3 Convertible Tank
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Christie M1928 and M1931 development line explored a tank that could travel on tracks across country and on large rubber-tired road wheels when its tracks were removed.
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Germany / Interwar
Leichttraktor
Tank · Light tank
The Leichttraktor was a clandestine German light-tank development program of the late 1920s and early 1930s.
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Soviet Union / Interwar
T-18 / MS-1
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The T-18, also known as MS-1, gave the Soviet Union a domestically designed tank that could be manufactured in series.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Vickers 6-Ton / Mark E
Tank · Light tank
The Vickers 6-Ton, or Mark E, was developed as a private commercial design rather than as a standard British Army tank.
Read the profileItaly / Interwar
Carro Veloce 29
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The Carro Veloce 29 was Italy's early adoption of the small tracked machine-gun carrier concept associated with Carden-Loyd.
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France / Interwar
Char B1 / B1 bis / B1 ter
Tank · Tank / family
The Char B1 family combined a hull-mounted 75 mm weapon with a smaller gun in a rotating turret.
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France / Interwar
Renault D1 / D2
Tank · Infantry tank
The Renault D1 and D2 form a useful combined research assignment, but they need distinguishable identities in the encyclopedia.
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Soviet Union / Interwar
T-12 / T-24
Tank · Medium tank
The T-12 and T-24 belong to an early Soviet attempt to move beyond the small infantry-support tank toward a more capable maneuver tank.
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Japan / Interwar
Type 89 I-Go / Chi-Ro
Tank · Medium tank
The Type 89 I-Go, also encountered as Chi-Ro or Yi-Go, was an early Japanese production tank developed for infantry support.
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Sweden / Interwar
Landsverk L-30 / Strv fm/31
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Landsverk L-30, designated Strv fm/31 in Swedish service, was a single experimental tank intended to combine tracked cross-country mobility with faster movement on wheels.
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Sweden / Interwar
Strv m/31 / Landsverk L-10
Tank · Light tank
The Strv m/31, known to its manufacturer as Landsverk L-10, represented an early Swedish attempt to obtain a modern tracked tank from a domestic factory.
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Soviet Union / Interwar
T-26
Tank · Light tank
The T-26 grew from the British Vickers 6-Ton into a large Soviet light-tank family.
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Soviet Union / Interwar
T-27 Tankette
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The T-27 was a small, two-man Soviet tankette derived from the Carden-Loyd concept.
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Poland / Interwar
TK-3 / TKS tankette family
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The TK-3 and TKS were compact Polish reconnaissance vehicles developed from the tankette concept rather than small equivalents of a fully turreted light tank.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Vickers-Carden-Loyd Amphibious Tank
Tank · Amphibious light tank
The Vickers-Carden-Loyd Amphibious Tank attempted to give a very small tracked armored vehicle the ability to cross water without relying entirely on bridges or external ferries.
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Soviet Union / Interwar
BT fast tank family
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The BT family placed high mobility at the center of a Soviet tank program derived from Christie's convertible-drive concept.
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Japan / Interwar
Type 92 Jyu-Sokosha / Heavy Armoured Car
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The Type 92 Jyu-Sokosha was a small tracked vehicle developed for Japanese cavalry requirements.
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United Kingdom / Poland / Interwar
Vickers Mark E in Polish Service
Tank · Tank / family
Poland's Vickers Mark E tanks were a small imported fleet whose history changed substantially after delivery.
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Italy / Interwar
CV 33 / CV 35 / L3 tankette family
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The CV 33, CV 35 and later L3 configurations formed a large family of small Italian tracked armored vehicles.
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Sweden / Interwar
Landsverk L-100 / L-120
Tank · Light tank
The Landsverk L-100 and L-120 were small Swedish light-tank projects whose history is much larger in the literature than the number of vehicles actually built.
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Soviet Union / Interwar
T-28
Tank · Medium tank
The T-28 was a Soviet medium tank designed to reinforce attacks against defended positions.
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Soviet Union / Interwar
T-35
Tank · Tank / family
The T-35 was a Soviet heavy breakthrough tank organized around five turrets. A central turret carried the 76.2 mm weapon; two other turrets carried 45 mm guns, and smaller positions added machine-gun fire.
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Soviet Union / Interwar
T-37A
Tank · Amphibious tank
The T-37A was a small Soviet amphibious tank intended for reconnaissance, liaison and movement across water obstacles.
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Czechoslovakia / Interwar
Tančík vz.33
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The Tančík vz.33 was a small Czechoslovak armored vehicle developed by ČKD from experience with the Carden-Loyd tankette.
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Czechoslovakia / Interwar
LT vz.34
Tank · Light tank
The LT vz.34, developed by ČKD as the Praga P-II, was an early Czechoslovak light tank with a rotating turret and a three-man crew.
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Sweden / Interwar
Landsverk L-60 / Strv m/38-m/40
Tank · Light tank
The Landsverk L-60 began as a Swedish light-tank design intended for an international market and became the basis of the Swedish Strv m/38, m/39, m/40L and m/40K.
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Germany / Interwar
Neubaufahrzeug
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Neubaufahrzeug was a German multi-turret experiment combining two main guns with smaller machine-gun turrets.
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Germany / Interwar
Panzerkampfwagen I
Tank · Light tank
The Panzerkampfwagen I was central to the rebuilding of German armored forces despite its limited fighting power.
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France / Interwar
Renault AMC 34
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Renault AMC 34 was a small-series French cavalry combat vehicle whose limited production sits between experimental cavalry mechanization and the later AMC35 program.
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Japan / Interwar
Type 94 TK
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The Type 94 TK was a small Japanese tracked armored vehicle intended for supply movement, reconnaissance, security, and infantry-support tasks.
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Poland / Interwar
7TP
Tank · Light tank
The 7TP was a Polish light tank developed from the Vickers 6-Ton concept. Its diesel engine, revised hull arrangements, and eventual Bofors gun turret made it a distinct Polish development rather than an unchanged imported design.
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Czechoslovakia / Interwar
AH-IV / R-1 tankette family
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The AH-IV was a ČKD-Praga export tankette family whose customers required meaningfully different configurations.
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France / Interwar
Hotchkiss H35 / H38 / H39
Tank · Light tank
The Hotchkiss light-tank family combined a compact two-man layout with substantial cast protection for its size.
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Czechoslovakia / Interwar
LT vz.35 / Panzer 35(t) / R-2 family
Tank · Light tank
The LT vz.35 family connects an original Czechoslovak light tank with German Panzer35(t) service, Romanian R-2 production, and the Bulgarian T-11 branch.
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United States / Interwar
M1 Combat Car
Tank · Light tank
The M1 Combat Car was a fully tracked, turreted armored vehicle developed for the United States Cavalry during the interwar period.
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United States / Interwar
M2 Light Tank
Tank · Light tank
The M2 Light Tank family records the United States Infantry's movement from small machine-gun tanks toward a cannon-armed light tank immediately before the Second World War.
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Germany / Interwar
Panzerkampfwagen II
Tank · Light tank
The Panzer II was developed as an interim German light tank while more powerful types were being prepared.
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France / Interwar
Renault AMC 35 / ACG 1
Tank · Tank / family
The AMC 35, also known as Renault ACG1, was developed for the French Cavalry's combat-tank role.
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France / Interwar
Renault R35 / R39 / R40
Tank · Light tank
The Renault R35 family grew from the French infantry requirement to replace the Renault FT with a more modern protected vehicle.
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France / Interwar
SOMUA S35
Tank · Tank / family
The SOMUA S35 was developed for the French cavalry's mechanized formations. Its purpose combined protection, a useful anti-tank gun, and greater mobility than the slow infantry-support tanks.
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Belgium / United Kingdom / Interwar
T-15 light tank
Tank · Light tank
The T-15 was a small reconnaissance tank supplied to Belgium through Vickers and adapted to Belgian requirements.
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Japan / Interwar
Type 95 Ha-Go
Tank · Light tank
The Type 95 Ha-Go was a Japanese light tank intended to provide a mobile armored vehicle for the Army's developing mechanized force.
Read the profileFrance / Interwar
Char G1 projects
Tank · Infantry tank
The Char G1 was a French infantry-tank program pursued through competing industrial proposals.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Cruiser Tank Mk I / A9
Tank · Cruiser tank
The Cruiser Tank Mk I, commonly called A9, was an early British production cruiser intended to combine mobility and anti-tank firepower at a price compatible with interwar budgets.
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France / Interwar
FCM 36
Tank · Infantry tank
The FCM 36 was a French light infantry tank whose welded, sloping armor and diesel engine distinguished it from several contemporary French designs.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Light Tank Mk VI
Tank · Light tank
The Light Tank Mk VI was the final major development of the interwar Vickers light-tank line in British service.
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Germany / Interwar
Panzerkampfwagen III
Tank · Medium tank
The Panzerkampfwagen III was developed as a central gun tank for German armored formations.
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Soviet Union / Interwar
T-38
Tank · Tank / family
The T-38 was a Soviet amphibious reconnaissance tank developed from experience with the T-37A.
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Poland / Interwar
4TP / PZInż 140
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The 4TP, also known by the factory designation PZInż 140, was a Polish attempt to replace the limitations of the tankette with a small turreted reconnaissance tank.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Cruiser Tank Mk II / A10
Tank · Cruiser tank
The A10, standardized as the Cruiser Tank Mk II, developed from the A9 but exchanged its two small forward machine-gun turrets for a more conventional protected hull front and thicker armor.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Infantry Tank Mk I Matilda I / A11
Tank · Infantry tank
The A11 Matilda I was a small British infantry tank designed around unusually heavy protection for a two-man vehicle.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Infantry Tank Mk II Matilda II / A12
Tank · Infantry tank
The A12 Matilda II was a heavily protected British infantry tank with a turret-mounted 2-pounder gun and a four-man crew.
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Poland / Interwar
PZInż 130 Amphibious Tank
Tank · Amphibious tank
The PZInż 130 was a Polish amphibious reconnaissance prototype intended to move across both land and inland water obstacles.
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Germany / Interwar
Panzerkampfwagen IV
Tank · Tank / family
The Panzerkampfwagen IV began as a support tank and became one of the principal German tanks of the Second World War.
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Czechoslovakia / Interwar
ST vz.39 / V-8-H
Tank · Medium tank
The ST vz.39 / V-8-H belongs to the group of late-1930s Czechoslovak tank designs whose development was overtaken by political events.
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Sweden / Interwar
Strv m/37
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The Strv m/37 was Sweden’s tailored version of the Czechoslovak AH-IV tankette. The vehicle is described as a very light, two-man tracked fighting vehicle acquired to strengthen Swedish mechanization in the late 1930s.
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Japan / Interwar
Type 97 Te-Ke
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The Type 97 Te-Ke was a small Japanese tracked vehicle intended for reconnaissance, liaison and light support.
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Czechoslovakia / Interwar
Škoda S-I-d / T-32 tankette
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The Škoda S-I-d, known in Yugoslav service as the T-32, was a small fixed-casemate vehicle built around a 37 mm gun and a machine gun.
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Poland / Interwar
10TP
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The 10TP was Poland's attempt to turn the promise of a fast, Christie-influenced tank into a practical domestic fighting vehicle.
Read the profilePoland / Interwar
12TP / 14TP
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The vehicle conventionally called 14TP belongs to the history of unfinished Polish tank development, not to the inventory of operational tanks in 1939.
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Hungary / Interwar
38M Toldi family
Tank · Light tank
The Toldi family brought a modern Swedish light-tank design into Hungarian production.
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United Kingdom / Interwar
Cruiser Tank Mk III/IV A13 family
Tank · Cruiser tank
The early A13 cruisers introduced Christie suspension into British tank production and embodied the interwar emphasis on speed in the cruiser role.
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Czechoslovakia / Interwar
LT vz.38 / Panzer 38(t) family
Tank · Light tank
The LT vz.38 was a Czechoslovak design whose largest wartime service career began under German control.
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Czechoslovakia / Switzerland / Interwar
Panzerwagen 39 / LTH
Tank · Light tank
The Panzerwagen 39 was a small Swiss armored force’s answer to an urgent procurement problem.
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Japan / Interwar
Type 97 Chi-Ha
Tank · Medium tank
The Type 97 Chi-Ha became an important Japanese medium tank through its combination of a diesel engine, compact dimensions and a turret-mounted gun.
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Italy / World War II
Carro Armato L6/40
Tank · Tankette / very light tank
The Carro Armato L6/40 was Italy’s effort to move beyond machine-gun tankettes toward a small, gun-armed vehicle suited to reconnaissance and supporting roles.
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Italy / World War II
Carro Armato M11/39
Tank · Medium tank
The M11/39 marked an important transition in Italian armored development. It was a production medium tank with a diesel engine and a cannon, but its 37 mm main gun sat in the hull while the small turret carried machine guns.
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Soviet Union / World War II
KV heavy tank family
Tank · Heavy tank
The KV family developed from the Soviet search for a heavily protected breakthrough tank.
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United States / World War II
M2 Medium Tank
Tank · Medium tank
The M2 Medium Tank occupies an important but easily misunderstood position in American armored development.
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Soviet Union / World War II
T-40 / T-30
Tank · Tank / family
The T-40 began as a small amphibious reconnaissance tank, intended to support communication, security and movement across water obstacles.
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New Zealand / World War II
Bob Semple tank
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Bob Semple tank was an attempt to create an armored fighting vehicle in New Zealand from machinery and industrial resources already available.
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Italy / World War II
Carro Armato M13/40
Tank · Medium tank
The Carro Armato M13/40 represented an important change in Italy's medium-tank line: the principal gun was mounted in a rotating turret rather than in the hull arrangement of the earlier M11/39.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Cruiser Tank Mk V Covenanter / A13 Mk III
Tank · Cruiser tank
The Covenanter, officially Cruiser Tank Mk V or A13 Mk III, was intended to improve British cruiser-tank protection while retaining mobility and a low profile.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Cruiser Tank Mk VI Crusader / A15
Tank · Cruiser tank
The Crusader was one of the principal British cruiser tanks of the North African campaign.
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Germany / France / World War II
German captured French tank designations
Tank · Tank / family
German captured French tank designations bring together vehicles that did not share one designer, production line or mechanical ancestry.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch / A17
Tank · Light tank
Tetrarch began as a late-1930s light-tank project and later acquired the airborne role for which it is best remembered.
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New Zealand / World War II
Schofield tank
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Schofield tank was a New Zealand wheel-and-track experiment developed under the pressures of wartime defense and uncertain access to imported equipment.
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Soviet Union / World War II
T-34 family
Tank · Medium tank
The T-34 was a medium-tank family whose significance cannot be reduced to one gun, one turret or one production total.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Valentine infantry tank
Tank · Infantry tank
The Valentine was important less because it introduced a radical technical idea than because Britain could build it in useful numbers at a moment of extreme need.
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Hungary / World War II
40M/41M Turán family
Tank · Medium tank
The Turán family represented Hungary’s effort to field a domestically producible medium tank after reliance on lighter vehicles and foreign designs had become strategically restrictive.
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Italy / World War II
Carro Armato M14/41
Tank · Tank / family
The Carro Armato M14/41 was an incremental development of Italy’s M13/40 rather than a new design generation.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Infantry Tank Mk IV Churchill / A22
Tank · Infantry tank
The Churchill began as an emergency wartime response and matured into one of Britain’s most adaptable armored chassis.
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United States / World War II
M3 Lee / Grant
Tank · Medium tank
The M3 medium tank was an expedient solution to a serious Allied problem: the United States needed a 75 mm-armed medium tank before a suitable fully rotating 75 mm turret was ready for mass production.
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United States / World War II
M3/M5 Stuart light tank family
Tank · Light tank
The M3/M5 Stuart family grew from the United States Army’s prewar light-tank line at the moment when mobilization demanded vehicles immediately, not after a long clean-sheet development program.
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United States / World War II
M6 Heavy Tank
Tank · Heavy tank
The M6 was the United States Army’s first Second World War heavy-tank family to reach limited production, yet its operational history consists of testing, training, demonstration, and development rather than combat.
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Canada / World War II
Ram tank
Tank · Medium tank
The Ram was Canada’s principal indigenous wartime cruiser or medium-tank design, created when the country needed armored vehicles and an industrial base almost simultaneously.
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Soviet Union / World War II
T-50
Tank · Tank / family
The T-50 was intended as a modern Soviet light infantry-support tank, not as the emergency expedient that the T-60 became.
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Soviet Union / World War II
T-60
Tank · Tank / family
The T-60 was an emergency answer to the industrial catastrophe of 1941. It was not intended to equal the technically stronger T-50.
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Italy / World War II
Carro Armato Celere Sahariano / M16/43
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Celere Sahariano emerged from a real operational problem rather than from a mature procurement program.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Cruiser Tank Mk VII Cavalier / A24
Tank · Cruiser tank
The Cavalier was born from Britain’s urgent effort to replace the Crusader with a heavier cruiser tank that could carry stronger armor and the 6-pounder gun without abandoning speed.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Cruiser Tank Mk VIII Centaur / A27L
Tank · Cruiser tank
Centaur emerged from the same British effort that produced Cromwell, but the two names cannot be used interchangeably.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Light Tank Mk VIII Harry Hopkins / A25
Tank · Light tank
The Harry Hopkins was designed as an improved successor to the Tetrarch at the moment when the British Army was losing confidence in the battlefield role of light tanks.
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United States / World War II
M4 Sherman
Tank · Medium tank
The M4 Sherman was created to replace the M3 medium tank's sponson-mounted main gun with a fully traversing turret while retaining an industrially practical automotive foundation.
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Germany / World War II
Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger I
Tank · Heavy tank
The Tiger I became the most visible German expression of the heavy-tank idea: a five-man fighting vehicle that combined thick, mostly vertical armor with the 8.8 cm KwK 36 L/56 gun, good optics, and a three-man turret.
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Australia / World War II
Sentinel cruiser tank / AC series
Tank · Cruiser tank
The Sentinel program began because Australia could no longer assume that Britain could supply every tank required for overseas formations and home defense.
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Soviet Union / World War II
T-70 / T-80 light tank family
Tank · Light tank
The T-70 was the Soviet Union’s final mass-produced wartime light tank and an emergency answer to industrial disruption after the losses of 1941.
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Japan / World War II
Type 2 Ho-I
Tank · Tank / family
The Type 2 Ho-I was designed to give Japanese tank formations heavier high-explosive fire than their standard 47 mm and earlier 57 mm tank guns could deliver against fortifications and defended positions.
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Japan / World War II
Type 2 Ka-Mi
Tank · Amphibious light tank
The Type 2 Ka-Mi was a purpose-built Japanese amphibious tank rather than a standard light tank fitted with improvised flotation.
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Japan / World War II
Type 98 Ke-Ni
Tank · Light tank
The Type 98 Ke-Ni was Japan’s attempt to replace the Type 95 Ha-Go with a smaller, lower and more modern light tank.
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Italy / World War II
Carro Armato M15/42
Tank · Medium tank
The Carro Armato M15/42 was the final production gun tank in Italy’s M-series lineage.
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Italy / World War II
Carro Armato P26/40 / P40
Tank · Heavy tank
The Carro Armato P26/40 was Italy’s most substantial wartime production tank. Its official “P” or pesante classification reflected Italian categories, not a direct match to the heavy tanks of Germany or the Soviet Union.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Centurion
Tank · Infantry tank
Centurion began as the British A41 response to wartime experience with separate cruiser and infantry-tank traditions.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Cruiser Tank Mk VIII Cromwell / A27M
Tank · Cruiser tank
The Cromwell was the British cruiser tank in which mobility, reliability and useful firepower finally came together at operational scale.
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Canada / World War II
Grizzly I cruiser tank
Tank · Cruiser tank
The Grizzly I was a Canadian-built adaptation of the M4A1 Sherman and a product of wartime industrial transition rather than a long-lived independent tank program.
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Soviet Union / World War II
IS / Iosif Stalin heavy tank family
Tank · Heavy tank
The Iosif Stalin family emerged from the Soviet effort to retain the battlefield advantages of a heavy tank while correcting the weight, reliability and tactical limitations exposed in the KV series.
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Soviet Union / World War II
IS-4
Tank · Heavy tank
The IS-4 grew from the Object 701 program, a late-war attempt to create a heavily protected Soviet tank that could surpass the existing IS family in armor and survivability.
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United States / World War II
M22 Locust
Tank · Airborne light tank
The M22 Locust began as the T9 airborne light-tank program, an effort to give airborne forces a vehicle that could be moved by the transport aircraft and gliders available during the Second World War.
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Argentina / World War II
Nahuel D.L. 43
Tank · Medium tank
The Nahuel D.L. 43 was Argentina’s wartime attempt to create a credible medium tank when normal foreign procurement was uncertain.
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Germany / World War II
Panzerkampfwagen V Panther
Tank · Tank / family
The Panther emerged from the shock created by German encounters with the T-34 and KV families in 1941.
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Germany / World War II
Panzerkampfwagen VIII Maus
Tank · Heavy tank
The Maus was Germany’s most extreme effort to create a super-heavy tank whose armor and armament would remain beyond contemporary battlefield standards.
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Sweden / World War II
Strv m/42
Tank · Medium tank
The Strv m/42 was Sweden’s principal domestically produced medium tank of the Second World War and the country’s first tank to carry a 7.5 cm gun in regular service.
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Soviet Union / World War II
T-44
Tank · Medium tank
The T-44 was a Soviet medium tank developed in 1943–44 to overcome structural limits of the T-34 while preserving a similar weight and manufacturing purpose.
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Japan / World War II
Type 1 Chi-He
Tank · Medium tank
The Type 1 Chi-He was an improved Japanese medium tank derived from the Type 97 Chi-Ha line.
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Japan / World War II
Type 3 Ka-Chi
Tank · Medium tank
The Type 3 Ka-Chi was not a conventional medium tank adapted casually for wading; it was a purpose-built naval amphibious armored vehicle designed for the Imperial Japanese Navy at a moment when Japan was losing the operational initiative in the Pacific.
Read the profileHungary / World War II
44M Tas
Tank · Heavy tank
The 44M Tas was a Hungarian heavy tank by the Royal Hungarian Army’s wartime armament-based classification system, but in weight, layout, and intended battlefield role it sat closer to the late-war medium tank category used by Germany, the Soviet Union, Britain, and…
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France / World War II
ARL 44
Tank · Heavy tank
The ARL 44 was a limited-production French heavy or transitional tank designed after the Liberation of France and produced in small numbers in the late 1940s.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Comet / A34
Tank · Cruiser tank
The Comet was a British cruiser tank designed to put a high-velocity anti-tank gun into a vehicle still close enough to the Cromwell lineage to be produced quickly.
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United Kingdom / World War II
Cruiser Tank Challenger / A30
Tank · Cruiser tank
The Cruiser Tank Challenger / A30 was a British Second World War cruiser tank designed around a specific battlefield need: the Cromwell was fast, but its 75 mm gun was inadequate against the heaviest German armor at normal combat ranges.
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Soviet Union / World War II
IS-3
Tank · Heavy tank
The IS-3 was a Soviet heavy tank designed during 1944-1945 as a better-protected successor to the IS-2.
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United States / World War II
M24 Chaffee
Tank · Light tank
The M24 Chaffee was the most successful American light tank design to reach combat in the Second World War.
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United States / World War II
M26 Pershing
Tank · Medium tank
The M26 Pershing was the first U.S. operational tank to combine a 90 mm gun, a lower silhouette than the M4 series, torsion-bar suspension, a cast turret, and a markedly heavier armor scheme in a wartime combat vehicle.
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Germany / World War II
Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. B / Tiger II
Tank · Heavy tank
The Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. B, usually called Tiger II and often translated by Allied troops as King Tiger or Royal Tiger, was a late-war German heavy tank built around the high-velocity 8.8 cm KwK 43 L/71 gun.
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Japan / World War II
Type 2 Ke-To
Tank · Light tank
The Type 2 Ke-To was an improved Japanese light tank derived from the Type 98 Ke-Ni.
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Japan / World War II
Type 3 Chi-Nu
Tank · Medium tank
The Type 3 Chi-Nu was a late-war Imperial Japanese Army medium tank that combined the improved Type 1 Chi-He/Type 97 lineage chassis with a new, large hexagonal turret carrying the Type 3 75 mm tank gun.
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Japan / World War II
Type 4 Chi-To
Tank · Medium tank
One-paragraph description: The Type 4 Chi-To was Japan's late-war attempt to field a medium tank with heavier armor, a five-man crew, radio provision, and a high-velocity 75 mm gun powerful enough to challenge Allied medium tanks at useful battlefield ranges.
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France / World War II
AMX-50
Tank · Medium tank
Description. The AMX-50 was France’s ambitious postwar attempt to regain a first-rank tank-design capability through a fast, heavily armed vehicle using an oscillating turret and a Maybach-derived power plant.
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Soviet Union / World War II
T-54 / T-55
Tank · Main battle tank
Why it mattered: the family became the Cold War's most widely distributed Soviet tank line and one of the most-produced tank families in history.
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Japan / World War II
Type 5 Chi-Ri
Tank · Medium tank
The Type 5 Chi-Ri was a late-war Japanese medium tank prototype created after the Type 3 Chi-Nu and Type 4 Chi-To programs exposed the limits of Japan's earlier infantry-support tank designs.
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France / Cold War
AMX-13
Tank · Light tank
The AMX-13 was a French light tank family begun in 1946 and brought into service in the early 1950s.
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United States / Cold War
M41 Walker Bulldog
Tank · Medium tank
The M41 was a compact but heavily armed Cold War light tank designed for reconnaissance, screening, security, and situations where a lighter tank was preferred over a medium tank.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
PT-76
Tank · Amphibious light tank
The PT-76 was a Soviet amphibious light tank whose defining feature was not conventional tank protection but independent water mobility.
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United States / Cold War
M103 heavy tank
Tank · Heavy tank
The M103 was a Cold War U.S. heavy tank intended to defeat Soviet heavy tanks such as the IS-3 and T-10 at long range.
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United States / Cold War
M46 Patton
Tank · Medium tank
The M46 Patton was the first operational U.S. tank to carry the Patton name and the immediate postwar modernization of the M26 Pershing.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
T-10
Tank · Heavy tank
The T-10 was a Soviet heavy tank family developed to solve a postwar problem that the Red Army had not yet abandoned: how to provide a heavily protected breakthrough tank with enough mobility to accompany modern armored formations.
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United Kingdom / Cold War
FV214 Conqueror
Tank · Tank / family
The FV214 Conqueror was a British heavy gun tank designed to give armored regiments a weapon capable of defeating Soviet heavy armor at ranges beyond those expected of the earlier 17-pounder and 20-pounder Centurions.
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United Kingdom / Cold War
Caernarvon FV221
Tank · Tank / family
The Caernarvon FV221 was not a main-line British service tank in the sense that Centurion or Conqueror were.
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United Kingdom / Cold War
Charioteer
Tank · Tank / family
Charioteer was a rapid British conversion, not a clean-sheet tank. It used available Cromwell hulls and replaced the original Cromwell turret and 75 mm gun with a new, lightly protected turret carrying the 84 mm Ordnance QF 20-pounder.
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United States / Cold War
M47 Patton
Tank · Medium tank
The M47 Patton was a stopgap American medium tank whose influence exceeded its short U.S. service life.
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United States / Cold War
M48 Patton
Tank · Main battle tank
The M48 Patton was a U.S. post-Korean War medium tank that quickly became the bridge between the Pershing/M46/M47 lineage and the later M60.
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Switzerland / Cold War
Panzer 58
Tank · Medium tank
The Panzer 58 was not a mass-service battle tank in the way the Centurion, M47/M48, T-54/55, or later Leopard 2 were.
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China / Cold War
WZ-111 heavy tank
Tank · Heavy tank
The WZ-111 was a Chinese attempt to develop a modern heavy tank after the formation of the PRC and during the era when China was absorbing, copying, and adapting Soviet armored-vehicle technology.
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France / Cold War
Lorraine 40t
Tank · Medium tank
The Lorraine 40t was a French prototype medium tank, indexed in the available accounts as a Cold War prototype/cancelled family.
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United States / Cold War
T92 light tank
Tank · Light tank
The T92 light tank was one of the most technically adventurous U.S. armored-vehicle prototypes of the 1950s.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
Object 430
Tank · Main battle tank
Object 430 was a Soviet prototype medium tank developed at the Kharkiv transport machine-building plant design bureau under the Morozov design lineage to produce a qualitative successor to the T-54.
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Sweden / United Kingdom / Cold War
Swedish Centurion Strv 81/101/102/104
Tank · Tank / family
The Swedish Centurion was a British-designed tank family adapted into Swedish service under local designations.
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France / Cold War
Batignolles-Châtillon Char 25t
Tank · Medium tank
The Char 25t was a short-lived French prototype tank program built by Batignolles-Châtillon at Nantes in the mid-1950s.
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Sweden / Cold War
Stridsvagn 74
Tank · Main battle tank
Stridsvagn 74 was not a clean-sheet Swedish main battle tank. It was a disciplined conversion program that reused the Strv m/42 hull and chassis while replacing the underpowered wartime turret-and-gun installation with a new angular turret carrying a much more…
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United States / Cold War
T95 medium tank program
Tank · Medium tank
The T95 was a cancelled American experimental tank program intended to supersede the M48 and explore a lighter vehicle capable of filling both medium- and heavy-tank roles.
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United Kingdom / Cold War
FV4202 40-ton Centurion
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The FV4202 40-ton Centurion was a physical research vehicle rather than a battlefield tank.
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Japan / Cold War
Type 61
Tank · Main battle tank
The Type 61 was Japan's first postwar domestic tank and the first main battle tank fielded by the JGSDF.
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West Germany / France / Italy / Cold War
Europanzer / Standard-Panzer studies
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Europanzer / Standard-Panzer entry is best understood as a development program rather than a single vehicle.
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West Germany / Cold War
Leopard 1
Tank · Tank / family
The Leopard 1 emerged from the late-1950s Standardpanzer effort and entered Bundeswehr service in September 1965.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
Object 277
Tank · Main battle tank
Object 277 was a late Soviet experimental heavy tank designed to replace or surpass the T-10 rather than to create a fundamentally new main battle tank.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
Object 770
Tank · Heavy tank
Object 770 was not a production tank family in the normal sense; it was a prototype heavy tank and one of the last serious Soviet attempts to build a purpose-designed, heavily protected, gun-armed breakthrough vehicle after the T-10.
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Sweden / Cold War
Stridsvagn 103 S-tank
Tank · Main battle tank
The Stridsvagn 103, commonly called the S-tank, was a Swedish turretless main battle tank.
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China / Cold War
Type 59 / WZ-120
Tank · Tank / family
The Type 59 / WZ-120 was a Chinese-built derivative of the Soviet T-54A, accepted into Chinese service in 1959 and closely linked to the construction of Factory 617 at Baotou.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
IT-1 missile tank
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The IT-1, officially associated with Object 150, was a Soviet missile tank/tank-destroyer built on a T-62-derived hull and fitted with a low-profile turret that housed a retractable single-rail launcher, autoloading missile stowage, a radio-command guidance system…
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United States / Cold War
M60
Tank · Main battle tank
The M60 was a Cold War main battle tank born from the M48 Patton lineage but standardized as a new vehicle with the 105 mm M68 gun, diesel AVDS-1790 powerpack, improved range, and revised armor/hull features.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
Object 279
Tank · Heavy tank
Object 279 was a Soviet prototype heavy tank, not a production tank. The vehicle is described as a unique, less certain Cold War prototype under family/prototype ID USSR-OBJ279, with one completed vehicle and the role “prototype heavy tank.” the cited accounts dates…
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United Kingdom / Cold War
Chieftain
Tank · Main battle tank
Chieftain was the British Army's principal main battle tank during much of the Cold War.
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Switzerland / Cold War
Panzer 61
Tank · Main battle tank
The Panzer 61 was the first Swiss domestic main battle tank to enter full production.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
T-62
Tank · Main battle tank
The T-62 was a Soviet medium tank / early main battle tank derived from the T-54/T-55 lineage and the Object 165/166 design sequence.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
T-64
Tank · Main battle tank
The T-64 was a Soviet main battle tank family developed in Kharkiv as a high-end replacement for the T-54/T-55/T-62 lineage.
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China / Cold War
Type 62 / WZ-131
Tank · Medium tank
What it was. The Type 62 / WZ-131 was the People's Liberation Army's purpose-built light tank answer to a problem that the Type 59 medium tank could not solve cleanly: how to bring a turreted, tracked gun tank into southern Chinese, Vietnamese, Himalayan, and other…
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China / Cold War
Type 63 / WZ-211
Tank · Amphibious light tank
The Type 63 / WZ-211 was a Chinese amphibious light tank developed after China obtained and assessed Soviet PT-76 amphibious tanks in the 1950s.
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France / Cold War
AMX-30
Tank · Tank / family
The AMX-30 was the French answer to the NATO-era problem of replacing first-generation postwar tanks with a vehicle able to fight on a nuclear and missile-saturated battlefield.
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United States / Cold War
M551 Sheridan
Tank · Airborne light tank
The M551 Sheridan was a compact, four-crew, aluminum-hulled, steel-turreted airborne light tank formally designated as an Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle.
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Israel / United Kingdom / Cold War
Sho't / Israeli Centurion
Tank · Main battle tank
Sho't was the Israeli name and modernization path for the British Centurion main battle tank.
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Spain / France / Cold War
AMX-30E
Tank · Main battle tank
The AMX-30E was the Spanish license-production branch of the French AMX-30 main battle tank family.
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Sweden / Cold War
Ikv 91
Tank · Light tank
The Ikv 91 was Sweden's late-Cold-War solution to a specific infantry-support problem: obsolete Swedish assault-gun companies still needed a mobile direct-fire weapon that could support infantry, move through difficult northern terrain, cross water obstacles, and…
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Israel / United States / Cold War
Magach
Tank · Tank / family
The Magach family was the Israel Defense Forces’ large Patton-based armor fleet: M48 and M60 tanks reworked through successive Israeli upgrade standards.
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Switzerland / Cold War
Panzer 68
Tank · Main battle tank
The Panzer 68 was a Swiss main battle tank designed and manufactured by the federal construction works at Thun as a successor to the Panzer 61.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
Object 167
Tank · Main battle tank
Object 167 occupies an important but easily misunderstood place in Soviet tank development.
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United Kingdom / Cold War
Vickers MBT
Tank · Main battle tank
The Vickers MBT was an export-oriented British main battle tank family. Vickers designed it around a practical proposition: combine a proven Western 105 mm gun, a conventional four-crew layout, modest steel armor, and relatively inexpensive manufacture into a…
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India / United Kingdom / Cold War
Vijayanta
Tank · Main battle tank
Vijayanta was India's first large-scale main battle tank built under license and one of the earliest major armored-vehicle programs to tie Indian Army requirements to domestic heavy-vehicle manufacture.
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Japan / Cold War
Type 74
Tank · Main battle tank
The Type 74 was a four-crew Japanese main battle tank developed under the Japan Defense Agency’s postwar armored-vehicle program and manufactured principally by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, with the 105 mm gun produced domestically by Japan Steel Works under the…
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West Germany / United States / Cold War
KPz-70
Tank · Main battle tank
The KPz-70 was not an operational tank family. It was a prototype main battle tank family created inside the U.S.–West German MBT-70 program, with West Germany calling its branch Kampfpanzer 70 and the United States calling the joint vehicle Main Battle Tank 70.
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United States / West Germany / Cold War
MBT-70 / KPz-70
Tank · Main battle tank
The MBT-70 / KPz-70 was a built, tested, full-scale prototype main battle tank family rather than an operational tank.
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China / Cold War
Type 69 / Type 79
Tank · Tank / family
The Type 69 / Type 79 family occupied a transitional position in Chinese armored-vehicle development.
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Soviet Union / Cold War
T-72
Tank · Main battle tank
The T-72 was the Soviet Union's high-volume main battle tank counterpart to the more expensive and more technically ambitious T-64 and T-80 lines.
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Israel / Cold War
Tiran
Tank · Tank / family
The Tiran family was Israel’s practical answer to an armor problem created by victory: after the Six-Day War, Israel possessed large numbers of captured Egyptian and Syrian T-54/T-55 tanks, many repairable but incompatible with Israeli radios, crew routines…
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Soviet Union / Cold War
T-80
Tank · Main battle tank
The T-80 family was a late Cold War Soviet main battle tank family built around a compact autoloaded 125 mm gun system and a distinctive gas-turbine engine.
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Brazil / Cold War
Bernardini X1A2 / X1 series
Tank · Main battle tank
The Bernardini X1/X1A2 family was not a clean-sheet main battle tank. It was a Brazilian Cold War modernization pathway that began with M3/M3A1 Stuart light tanks and progressively moved toward a locally designed tracked combat vehicle.
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North Korea / Cold War
Chonma-ho / Ch'ŏnma
Tank · Tank / family
Primary sources for this section: WB; DIA 2021; Tanks Encyclopedia 2023; Tank-AFV; Reuters 2024.
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West Germany / Cold War
Leopard 2
Tank · Main battle tank
The Leopard 2 was West Germany's answer to the late-Cold-War requirement for a heavily armed, highly mobile, survivable main battle tank able to fight Warsaw Pact armor while remaining maintainable within NATO logistics.
Read the profileNorth Korea / Cold War
M1981 Shin'heung / PT-85
Tank · Main battle tank
The M1981 Shin'heung / PT-85 was North Korea's answer to a specific mobility problem: how to give armored fire support to forces that might need to cross rivers, marshy terrain, estuaries, and beaches without waiting for heavy bridging or main battle tanks.
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Israel / Cold War
Merkava
Tank · Main battle tank
The Merkava was Israel’s answer to a strategic problem: the Israel Defense Forces needed a tank optimized for local terrain, high crew survival, rapid maintenance, and national supply autonomy rather than a generic export-pattern MBT.
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Sweden / Cold War
UDES tank studies
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The Swedish UDES studies were a family of direct-fire combat vehicle investigations rather than a production tank program in the ordinary sense.
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West Germany / Cold War
VT1 / Versuchsträger turretless tank studies
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The VT1 / Versuchsträger family consisted of at least two full-scale West German experimental armored vehicles, VT1-1 and VT1-2, built to investigate a twin-gun, turretless casemate solution for a future Leopard 1 successor.
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United States / Cold War
XM803
Tank · Main battle tank
The XM803 was not a production tank and did not see operational service. It was a prototype U.S. main battle tank effort, best understood as an “austere” American continuation of the MBT-70 after the U.S.-West German project collapsed.
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United States / Cold War
M1 Abrams: the Cold War family
Tank · Main battle tank
The original M1 Abrams family grew from the U.S. Army's search for a survivable, mobile main battle tank after the cancellation of MBT-70 and XM803.
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United Kingdom / Iran / Cold War
Shir 1 / Shir 2
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
What it was. Shir 1 and Shir 2 were linked British export designs in the FV4030/Project 4030 line.
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Argentina / West Germany / Cold War
TAM - Tanque Argentino Mediano
Tank · Main battle tank
The TAM - Tanque Argentino Mediano - was not a heavy main battle tank in the Leopard 2 sense.
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Romania / Cold War
TR-77-580 / TR-580
Tank · Tank / family
The TR-77-580 / TR-580 was Romania’s attempt to convert a Soviet-inspired armored inheritance into an indigenous tank-production system.
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France / Cold War
AMX-32
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The AMX-32 was France’s attempt to turn the AMX-30 concept into a more attractive late-Cold War export tank.
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South Africa / United Kingdom / Cold War
Olifant
Tank · Tank / family
The Olifant was not a clean-sheet tank. It was a South African deep rebuild of the British Centurion, a vehicle whose original design dated to the end of the Second World War but which became one of the most important Western tank families of the Cold War.
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Japan / Cold War
Type 90
Tank · Main battle tank
The Type 90 was the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force’s first fully third-generation main battle tank, designed to replace and supplement the Type 74 against the late-Cold-War armored threat environment.
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United States / Cold War
HSTV-L
Tank · Tank / family
HSTV-L stood for High Survivability Test Vehicle - Lightweight. It was not a fielded tank, not a procurement item, and not a family with production variants.
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Italy / Cold War
OF-40
Tank · Main battle tank
What it was. The OF-40 was a late-Cold War Italian export MBT built around a conventional four-crew layout, a welded steel hull and turret, a 105 mm OTO Melara rifled gun compatible with the NATO/L7 ammunition family, a German MTU diesel engine, a ZF transmission…
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United Kingdom / Cold War
Challenger 1
Tank · Main battle tank
Challenger 1 was a late-Cold-War British main battle tank developed from the Chieftain/Shir lineage rather than from a clean-sheet NATO standard design.
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Brazil / Cold War
MB-3 Tamoyo
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The MB-3 Tamoyo was a prototype-only Brazilian tank family developed by Bernardini with support from Brazilian Army technical institutions, especially CTEx.
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United Kingdom / Cold War
MBT-80
Tank · Main battle tank
MBT-80 was the British Army's intended successor to the Chieftain main battle tank after several international and domestic replacement paths failed or became unattractive.
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India / Soviet Union / Cold War
T-72M1 Ajeya
Tank · Tank / family
The Ajeya was not a clean-sheet Indian tank. It was an Indian T-72M/T-72M1 family: Soviet in origin, Indian in production, overhaul, integration, and long-term tactical importance.
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Romania / Cold War
TR-85
Tank · Main battle tank
The TR-85 was Romania’s late-Cold-War main battle tank family, developed from the TR-77-580 and ultimately rooted in the T-55 ecosystem rather than being a clean-sheet Western-style tank.
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China / Cold War
Type 80 / Type 88
Tank · Main battle tank
The Type 80 / Type 88 was a Chinese second-generation main battle tank family created to move the People’s Liberation Army beyond incremental Type 59 and Type 69 upgrades.
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South Korea / Cold War
K1 88-Tank
Tank · Tank / family
The K1 88-Tank was the Republic of Korea's decisive break from a purely imported or upgraded tank fleet.
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Yugoslavia / Cold War
M-84
Tank · Main battle tank
The M-84 was a Yugoslav main battle tank based on the Soviet T-72 but adapted by Yugoslav industry for domestic service and export. Đuro Đaković’s official description emphasizes the T-72 basis, automatic gun loading, low silhouette, fire-control improvements…
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France / Cold War
AMX-40
Tank · Main battle tank
The AMX-40 was France's most ambitious pre-Leclerc export MBT proposal. It followed the AMX-32 and drew on the AMX-30 family's automotive and layout traditions, but it moved the export concept into the 120 mm smoothbore era.
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Iraq / Cold War
Asad Babil / Lion of Babylon
Tank · Main battle tank
The Asad Babil was Iraq’s late-1980s attempt to turn imported or kit-supplied T-72M/T-72M1 tanks into a national main battle tank program.
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Taiwan / United States / Cold War
CM-11 Brave Tiger
Tank · Main battle tank
The Brave Tiger was a Taiwanese main battle tank upgrade program built around U.S. Patton-family components and local systems integration.
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Taiwan / United States / Cold War
CM-12
Tank · Main battle tank
The CM-12 was a Taiwanese Patton-family main battle tank upgrade, built around existing M48-series hulls and a turret/fire-control package closely related to the Brave Tiger.
Read the profileSwitzerland / Cold War
Neuer Kampfpanzer / NKPz
Tank · Main battle tank
The Neuer Kampfpanzer, usually abbreviated NKPz or NKPZ, was Switzerland’s last major attempt to create a national main battle tank after the Panzer 61 and Panzer 68 families.
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Switzerland / West Germany / Cold War
Panzer 87 Leopard 2
Tank · Tank / family
The Panzer 87 Leopard 2 was Switzerland's late-Cold-War solution to a modernization problem that domestic tank design could no longer solve economically.
Read the profileUnited States / Cold War
RDF/LT
Tank · Light tank
The RDF/LT, short for Rapid Deployment Force / Light Tank, was an AAI Corporation private-venture prototype family first associated with 1980.
Read the profileSweden / Cold War
Strv 2000
Tank · Main battle tank
Strv 2000 was not a fielded Swedish tank but a family of studies around a future Swedish main battle tank.
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Iraq / Cold War
T-55 Enigma
Tank · Main battle tank
The T-55 Enigma was an Iraqi appliqué-armored conversion of the T-55-family main battle tank, probably undertaken in very small numbers between the late Iran-Iraq War and the 1991 Gulf War.
Read the profileRomania / Cold War
TR-125
Tank · Main battle tank
The TR-125 was a Romanian prototype main battle tank of the late Cold War, most often described as a national reverse-engineering and redesign effort based on the Soviet T-72 family.
Read the profileSouth Africa / Cold War
Tank Technology Demonstrator
Tank · Main battle tank
The Tank Technology Demonstrator, usually abbreviated TTD, was South Africa's only completed indigenous new-generation MBT demonstrator of the late apartheid and early democratic-transition era.
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Brazil / Cold War
EE-T1 / EE-T2 Osório
Tank · Main battle tank
The Osório was a Brazilian prototype main battle tank designed by Engesa, formally associated with the EE-T1 105 mm version and the EE-T2 120 mm export/Saudi-trial version.
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United States / Cold War
Stingray light tank
Tank · Light tank
The Stingray light tank was a deliberately pragmatic design: a conventional four-man, rear-engine, torsion-bar tracked vehicle weighing roughly twenty-one metric tons, armed with a low-recoil-force version of the 105 mm L7 gun and protected by welded Cadaloy steel…
Read the profileEgypt / United States / Cold War
Ramses II
Tank · Tank / family
Ramses II was a deep modernization of the T-54/T-55 family undertaken for Egypt with major United States industrial participation.
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China / Cold War
Type 85
Tank · Tank / family
The Type 85 was not simply another incremental Type 59 derivative. It represented China's move from rounded cast turrets and limited modernization packages toward a welded, angular turret with composite armour, computerized fire control, and, in later versions, a…
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Soviet Union / Russia / Cold War
Object 187
Tank · Tank / family
Object 187 was the more ambitious, less production-friendly alternative to the vehicle that became T-90.
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Austria / Spain / Cold War
ASCOD light tank lineage
Tank · Light tank
The ASCOD light tank lineage is best understood as an adaptable direct-fire branch of the broader ASCOD tracked-vehicle family.
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Germany / Cold War
Leopard 1 post-Cold-War upgrade family
Tank · Main battle tank
The Leopard 1 post-Cold-War upgrade family was not a clean-sheet tank. It was the extended second life of West Germany’s first postwar main battle tank, centered on the Leopard 1A5 and on operator-specific rebuilds that kept the 105 mm L7-armed Leopard viable after…
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Slovenia / Israel / Cold War
M-55S / T-55 modernized family
Tank · Tank / family
The M-55S was not a new tank but a deep modernization of the Soviet T-55, carried out by Slovenia with Israeli and domestic industrial assistance.
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Serbia / Croatia / Slovenia / Cold War
M-84 post-Yugoslav upgrade family
Tank · Tank / family
The M-84 post-Yugoslav upgrade family is the afterlife of Yugoslavia's principal late-Cold-War tank.
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Croatia / Cold War
M-95 Degman / M-84D
Tank · Main battle tank
The M-95 Degman / M-84D is not a single clean production tank designation. It is a closely related Croatian development and modernization cluster rooted in the Yugoslav M-84 main battle tank, itself a T-72 derivative.
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United States / multiple operators / Cold War
M60 post-Cold-War upgrade family
Tank · Main battle tank
The M60 post-Cold-War upgrade family is the long afterlife of the American M60 main battle tank.
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United States / Cold War
M8 Armored Gun System
Tank · Tank / family
The M8 Armored Gun System (AGS) was a lightweight tracked direct-fire vehicle selected by the U.S. Army after the Cold War to replace the remaining M551 Sheridan capability in airborne and light forces.
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Israel / Cold War
Merkava Mk 3/4/Barak modern family
Tank · Tank / family
The Merkava Mk 3/4/Barak modern family represents Israel’s distinctive approach to heavy armored warfare after the Cold War.
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Russia / Cold War
Object 195 / T-95
Tank · Main battle tank
Object 195 / T-95 was a Russian prototype main battle tank program, not a production tank.
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Russia / Cold War
Object 640 Black Eagle
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
Object 640 Black Eagle was not a production tank. It was a Russian prototype or demonstrator associated with Omsktransmash and the KBTM design bureau, developed from the T-80 industrial and technical base after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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South Africa / Cold War
Olifant Mk 1B / Mk 2
Tank · Tank / family
The Olifant was not a clean-sheet South African tank. It was a deep rebuild of British Centurion tanks and recovery vehicles acquired from the United Kingdom and later supported through additional hulls and parts channels.
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North Korea / Cold War
Pokpung-ho / Songun / M2020 observed family
Tank · Tank / family
The Pokpung-ho / Songun / M2020 observed family represents North Korea's visible effort to keep a large but aging armored force relevant after the Cold War.
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Russia / multiple operators / Cold War
T-62 post-Cold-War modernized family
Tank · Tank / family
The T-62 post-Cold-War modernized family is not a clean-sheet modern tank family.
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Ukraine / Cold War
T-64/T-84 Ukrainian modernized family
Tank · Tank / family
The T-64/T-84 Ukrainian modernized family is not a single tank model. It is a post-Soviet family grouping that joins Ukraine's work on the inherited T-64 fleet with the T-80UD-derived T-84/Oplot line designed and built around Kharkiv.
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Russia / multiple operators / Cold War
T-72 post-Soviet upgrade family
Tank · Tank / family
The T-72 post-Soviet upgrade family is not a clean-sheet tank. It is a long-running, state-supported effort to keep the huge T-72 chassis pool militarily relevant after the Soviet collapse.
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Ukraine / Cold War
T-72AG / T-72MP / export upgrade family
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The T-72AG and T-72MP were Ukrainian-led export modernization concepts aimed at operators of the T-72 and especially the T-72M/T-72M1 export tanks.
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Slovakia / Cold War
T-72M2 Moderna
Tank · Tank / family
The Moderna was not a clean-sheet tank. It was a late Cold War / post-Cold-War modernization path for the Czechoslovak-built T-72M1, carried forward in Slovakia after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
Read the profileRussia / Ukraine / Cold War
T-80 post-Soviet upgrade family
Tank · Tank / family
The T-80 post-Soviet upgrade family was not a new tank family designed from a clean sheet in 1990.
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China / Pakistan / Ukraine / Cold War
VT1A / Type 90-II export family
Tank · Main battle tank
The VT1A / Type 90-II export family was a Chinese export-first main battle tank line that bridged older Type 80/85 engineering and the later VT-series export market.
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Iran / Cold War
Zulfiqar family
Tank · Main battle tank
What it was. Zulfiqar was a family of Iranian main battle tanks developed after the Iran-Iraq War to reduce dependence on foreign armored-vehicle supply chains.
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France / Modern
Leclerc and Leclerc XLR
Tank · Main battle tank
The Leclerc was the armored expression of French strategic autonomy at the end of the Cold War.
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United States / Modern
M1 Abrams after 1991
Tank · Tank / family
The XM1 competition, M1, IPM1, baseline M1A1 production, and the Desert Storm-era family remain in the Cold War parent.
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Russia; late-Soviet design lineage / Modern
T-90 family
Tank · Main battle tank
What it was: The T-90 was Russia's first major post-Soviet main battle tank designation, although its roots were late Soviet.
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Italy / Modern
C1 Ariete / Ariete C2
Tank · Main battle tank
The C1 Ariete was Italy's post-Cold-War domestic main battle tank: a conventional four-person, rear-engine, turreted MBT with a NATO-standard 120 mm smoothbore gun, welded steel/composite armor, a digital fire-control system for its time, and automotive components…
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Germany / Modern
Leopard 2 modern family
Tank · Main battle tank
What the tank was. The Leopard 2 modern family is a third-generation Western main battle tank lineage continually upgraded after the Cold War. Earlier A0-A4 variants are covered only as context or when an A4 hull became the basis for a later modernization.
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Poland / Modern
PT-91 Twardy
Tank · Main battle tank
The PT-91 Twardy was not a clean-sheet main battle tank. It was a pragmatic Polish modernization of the T-72M1, intended to keep Poland's large Soviet-pattern armored fleet militarily useful while the country faced post-Cold-War budget stress, political realignment…
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South Korea / Modern
K1 modernized family
Tank · Tank / family
The K1 modernized family covers the post-1996 evolution of South Korea's K1 88-Tank lineage.
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Romania / Modern
TR-85M1 Bizonul
Tank · Main battle tank
The TR-85M1 Bizonul was not a clean-sheet post-1990 tank. It was Romania’s most comprehensive attempt to extend the combat utility of the TR-85, a national main battle tank line that had grown from the TR-77-580/TR-580 and the broader T-55 design tradition.
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China / Modern
ZTZ-96 / Type 96 family
Tank · Main battle tank
The Type 96 family represents a pragmatic Chinese answer to a familiar modernization problem: how to replace thousands of obsolete first-generation and second-generation tanks without waiting for the most sophisticated domestic MBT to become affordable in large numbers.
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United Kingdom / Modern
Challenger 2
Tank · Main battle tank
Challenger 2 was the United Kingdom’s second-generation Challenger-line main battle tank and the British Army’s principal heavy direct-fire platform after the Challenger 1 era.
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Ukraine / Modern
T-55AGM / T-55 modern Ukrainian upgrade
Tank · Tank / family
The T-55AGM mattered because it represented a particular moment in armored-vehicle history: the early-2000s export modernization market, when large fleets of Cold War tanks remained in storage or second-line service, but many operators could not afford new main…
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Georgia / Israel / Modern
T-72 SIM-1 / regional T-72 upgrades
Tank · Main battle tank
The T-72 SIM-1 was a Georgian modernization of inherited and imported T-72-series main battle tanks, associated in contemporary sources with Israel’s Elbit Systems and a broader Georgian effort to rebuild military capability after the Rose Revolution.
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Pakistan / China / Ukraine / Modern
Al-Khalid / MBT-2000 family
Tank · Main battle tank
The Al-Khalid family is Pakistan's indigenous-production MBT line derived from the Sino-Pakistani MBT-2000 / Type 90-II lineage. It entered Pakistan Army service around 2001 and remains active, with HIT listing Al-Khalid-I production and Al-Khalid as a featured product.
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China / Modern
ZTZ-99 / Type 99 family
Tank · Main battle tank
The ZTZ-99 / Type 99 family is the People’s Republic of China’s prestige main battle tank line: a relatively heavy, three-man, autoloaded, 125 mm-gunned family intended for elite PLA Ground Force formations rather than export.
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Czech Republic / Modern
T-72M4 CZ
Tank · Tank / family
The T-72M4 CZ was not a new tank design. It was a deep Czech modernization of T-72M/T-72M1 vehicles inherited from the Czechoslovak and Warsaw Pact armored tradition.
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Pakistan / Modern
Al-Zarrar
Tank · Tank / family
Al-Zarrar was not a clean-sheet Pakistani tank. It was a deep modernization of Pakistan’s large Type 59/T-59 fleet, intended to preserve armored mass while raising older Chinese-origin tanks closer to modern battlefield requirements.
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India / Modern
Arjun Mk 1 and Mk 1A
Tank · Main battle tank
The Arjun Mk 1 / Mk 1A family is India's principal indigenous heavy main battle tank project.
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Argentina / Israel / Modern
TAM 2C / 2CA2
Tank · Main battle tank
The TAM 2C / 2CA2 is not a new tank family in the structural sense; it is a modernization line for Argentina's TAM, a 30-ton class medium tank/light MBT originally designed with West German assistance in the 1970s.
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Japan / Modern
Type 10 Hitomaru
Tank · Tank / family
Type 10 is the fourth major postwar domestic JGSDF tank line after the Type 61, Type 74, and Type 90.
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South Korea / Modern
K2 Black Panther
Tank · Main battle tank
The K2 Black Panther is South Korea’s flagship post-Cold-War main battle tank: a high-mobility, autoloaded, digitally integrated MBT designed around the Republic of Korea Army’s need to fight in constrained, mountainous, urban, and highly networked conditions.
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Russia / Modern
T-14 Armata
Tank · Main battle tank
The T-14 Armata was presented as a Russian “new generation” main battle tank: a vehicle designed around a three-person armored crew capsule, an unmanned turret, automatic loading, an advanced 125 mm gun, sensor and fire-control integration, explosive/dynamic…
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Türkiye / Indonesia / Modern
Kaplan MT / Harimau
Tank · Medium / light tank
Kaplan MT / Harimau is a modern medium/light tank family rather than a main battle tank.
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Iran / Modern
Karrar
Tank · Main battle tank
Karrar was publicly unveiled in March 2017 as Iran's advanced domestic main battle tank.
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China / Modern
VT-4 / MBT-3000
Tank · Main battle tank
The MBT-3000/VT-4 is NORINCO's modern export main battle tank family. Within this family, MBT-3000 is the development and marketing identity that leads into the VT-4 export-production identity.
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France / Germany / Modern
EMBT / MGCS demonstrator family
Tank · Experimental / concept tank
The EMBT / MGCS demonstrator family is a Franco-German technology path developed around KNDS, the group formed from Germany’s Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and France’s Nexter.
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China / Modern
Type 15 / VT5 light tank family
Tank · Light tank
The Type 15 / VT5 family represents China's modern answer to the tactical problem that heavy main battle tanks are not always the best armored answer in mountain, plateau, jungle, waterlogged, or under-bridged regions.
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South Korea / Modern
K3 / Korean next-generation tank concept
Tank · Main battle tank
The K3 / Korean next-generation tank concept is a future main battle tank design path associated with Hyundai Rotem, the Agency for Defense Development (ADD), and the Defense Agency for Technology and Quality.
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Germany / Modern
Panther KF51
Tank · Tank / family
The Panther KF51 was Rheinmetall's answer to a specific post-2022 problem: Western armies wanted more lethality, more sensor fusion, better top-attack and drone-era survivability, and a credible path beyond existing Leopard 2 and Leclerc upgrade cycles before the…
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Israel / Philippines / Modern
Sabrah light tank
Tank · Light tank
The Sabrah light tank is a modern, export-oriented direct-fire armored vehicle centered on a 105 mm turret and a digital mission-equipment package.
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Türkiye / Modern
Altay / New Altay
Tank · Main battle tank
Altay / New Altay is a Turkish main battle tank family and industrial program. It combines a conventional NATO-caliber 120 mm L55 smoothbore gun, a four-person crew, modern fire-control and sensor systems, modular passive and reactive armor, and an active protection…
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France / Modern
Leclerc Evolution
Tank · Tank / family
Leclerc Evolution shows how KNDS France is trying to preserve the Leclerc industrial and design line while MGCS remains years away.
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Germany / Modern
Leopard 2 A-RC 3.0
Tank · Main battle tank
The Leopard 2 A-RC 3.0 is a 2024 KNDS Deutschland main battle tank demonstrator and deep-modernization proposal for the Leopard 2 family.
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India / Modern
Zorawar light tank
Tank · Light tank
Zorawar is India's indigenous modern light-tank family now being developed under the Indian Light Tank (ILT) program.
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United Kingdom / Modern
Challenger 3
Tank · Main battle tank
Challenger 3 is the United Kingdom's answer to an unusually difficult modernization problem: how to preserve a sovereign heavy-armour capability without buying an entirely new MBT fleet and without leaving the British Army tied to a unique rifled-gun ammunition…
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